1
2
  -2023
..  

-: 
 : 3  : 50
:               
-
1.         
2.              
   
-
3.          
4.      
-
5.         
6.        
2
2
-
7.      
8.         
3
2
  -2023
..  
-: 
 : 3  : 50
:               
-
1.         
:       
  
          ,        
   ""        "   ",    
,    ( )    ,           
  
      (),          
           ( )        
,           
  
  :     ,       

 : (  )  ,     ,  
   ()   ( )   
4
2
  :    ( )            
(  )             , ,
, , ,   
          ,     
     
    :        ,   (16 ) 
 (10 )
  
               :
1.  :       ( )
2.
 :   (   )
3.  :            ( )
4.   :          ,    

5.   :     ()    ,    
  
  
         :
1.  ():         ,     
    
2.  ( ):            
3.  ( ):        ,    
               
     
 ( ):
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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
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  :
     ,          
  (16 )      
            
5
2
    
 1:   
                -
      ,              

 2:     
       ()     ,     
            
    
              :
               
 
   :         
 
                  ,
           
  :        ,       
      
      ?
        ,    :




 
   

  
  

     
     

       
     
6
2
     
             ,     
 :
1.                

2.      :            
  
3.   ,    :         - 
  , -   
4.             
5.    :          
        

  ,              
                
                
      ,           ,
    
2.              
   
:        
  
   ,            
  ()      12-  ,      12  ( )   
          ,          
       ,   ,     
     ?
""  ""    ,     ""       
  ( )                 ,
         ,      
7
2
  
 12-              :
1.   → 2  ()
2.   → 2  ()
3.   → 3  ()
4.   → 5  ()
          ()         
   
    
 ():              
    1, 5  9    
 ():             
   7  
  
    ,             
  ,              
           
     
                 
        
   
                       , 
                  ,
      
      (12 )

        ,         
 :
8
2
 
  
/
1
 
 ()
2
 
3
 
 ()
4
 
5
 
 ()
6
 
7
 
 ()
8
 
9
 
 ()
10
 
11
 
12
 
         
 ()  1, 5,  9    
 ()  7  
   ,          ,    

  
1.    
       ,         
 :
1.  ( )
2.  ( )
3.  ( )
9
2
4.  ( )
5.  ( )
6.  ( )
7.   ( )
8.   ( )
9.  ( )
10.    ( )
11.   ( )
12.   ( )
2.      
   12          1  12   ,
       ,        ,  
     

           12-  ,  
            /   
   ,     ,       
              ,     
          
-
3.          
:      
                , - 
            , ,
 ,                
      ,     ,      
    
          
1.       
10
2
                  
          ,       
              
  ,  ,     (8 )    (6 )   
     ,          , 
   ,         (16 )     
2.      
       ;          
           ,    
   ,                 ,
        
  ,      ,             
  ,     ,           
     
3.     
             ,   
                 ,
-                  -  
(      )   
  ,    ,       ,     
          ,     
4.       
                   
      ,            
       ,   -      
    
  ,               
      ,     
5.     
          ,   ,  , ,  
         -  ,       
              ,         
    
11
2
  ,       ,     ,   
  ,            
6.       
                , :
:             
:                

            
 :        ,   ,    
  ,   ,           (8 ) 
    ,    ,         (6 )   
 
7.     
                
                  
               
   ,               
  ,              
     ,           
8.     
               
      -,     
            
  ,    ,   -   ,     
   ,      
9.    
   ,    ,         
       "", "", ""  ""       
    
  ,   6-          
 
12
2

      , ,         
  ,     ,         
    ,  ,      ,   
              
              
4.      
:      
         ,          
                
  ( )             
           ,      
   
1.    
:
     " " ( = ,  =  )
 12   
      
               ,  
       
:
     " " ( = ,  =  )
    12    
,         
                 , 
       
13
2
 :
          :
         - ,     
  ( 6 ,     2    )
                 ( , 
   )
2.      


 ()
12
  
4
   
3
 (  )

  ()
  
  
,  ()
3.      
      ,         
      ,         
    
:            -     
   ,       ,        
    
4.  (  )
                  
 :
  |  |   |  |   | 
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
, , , ,       
14
2
       ( )   
 :
  |   |   |  
(1) (2) (3) (4)
   ''         
                
 
5.      
 :
     
    ,      
            ,       
  
 :
      (      )   
         ,         
  
          ()    
6.     
    ,     :
1.    12  
2.           
3.         ,        
4.   -  ()     ,   (),  () 
(
)
15
2
7.     



/
, 
, 
  
6  ( 2 )
4  ( 3 )
 
  
  
 
, , 
,  ()
  
  
  

                  

             
          
   :
     , -   
      ,       
   -              
-
5.         
:      

              
                   
      "  "          
16
2
      ,          

   
    29 , 1919               
                     
                   
    ( )         

  
1.      
                 
              ,   
                 
 ,        
 
  ,       ,      
                 ,  1967 
             ,  ,    
                 
   
2.    
                , 
                  
           ,       
  ,           ,     
 
3.  
                   
                 
            
  ,  16  (    )       ,    
            -      
         
17
2
4.     
               
  ,               
                
           
      ,             
          ,       
          
5.   
         ;          
   ,           
          ,       
                    
       ,          
      ,        
 
    
                 
                 
                
,     ,     ,       
    ,         ,   
      
  
                 
             , 
                ;  ,
    
                     
                  

          ;        
        ,       
18
2
      
           
               
6.        
::    
         ( " ")      
              ,     
   -      -  ,   
      ,       
  
                     
   19                ,
      ,         
 
    
                  
  :
1.       
o                      
o            ,     
      
o   ""    ()    ,  

2. -  -     
o  -, -, -        
o        ,    ,      
  
3. ""  "-"    
o            ""
(-)  "-" (   )  
19
2
o      ,      
4.       
o    ,    (  )     (
 )     ,        
  
5.    
o      
o         -    ,   
      
6.  ()   ()   
o                 
o         
       
               :

  

  ,    

,     
 
      ,  

   ,         

      

         
    ,             
     
              :
1.   -         
20
2
2.    -           
3.    -            

      
           
                    
            
          -       ,
         
      
         ,       
    
              
      

             ,  
       ,           
             ,  
            
               
     
-
7.      
::  :     
                 
       ,  ,        
       ,            

21
2
   ,           
1.   
                  - 
    ,               
 :
() 
  ,           ,   -
           
       ,      
                 
()  (  )
          :
1.  () -  
o    ,       
o     ,             
   ,        
2.  () -  
o     , ,     
o             
()    
              
  -               

()    ()
                 
     ,       
          
2.    
                :
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2
3.    
                 :
1.  -  ,               

2.  -               
   
3.  -            
4.    -             ,   
    
5.     -    (  )       
4.     ?
            -        :
          
      ,     
 ,          -    
  
1. -         
2.  -        
3.  -        
4.  -           
        (    )      

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2
5.        
.    
,             
        ,     (  ) 
    
           
.      
   (  )        
              
.   
    (  )    
             
6.   :   ?




   
 , 

/
  

  +  
    

,   
, - 
 
   -   
  (),   ( )
7. 
       -  ,          ,  
     ,            
 ,        ,          
 
 ,       ,       
      
24
2
8.         
: :      
,              ,  
               ,   
              ,     
      ,          
           , ,  ,   
    
1.     
                  
        ,        
                  
          
        ""   ,        , 
              
2.     
 ,               ,    
-   :
1.  ( ):
o    ,    (   )    
o    
o        (     )
2.  ( ):
o     ,    ( ,   )   
o  ,    
o      
           ,    ,       
        -           

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3.    ?
  -               
          ,      ""   
    :
:         
:      
:    
      
          ,        
    
4.       
                      
           
1.    :
o         ,   ,   
        
o    ,       ,   
2.     :
o                   
 
o       (   )    
o                 
3.      :
o           ,   ( )   
  
o             ,    
   
5.      
                   :
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2
             
 
                
    

 :             
          
6.     
                
    -    ,         
    :
  ( ):           :
o   (16 )
o  (10 )
o   (7 )
 (  ):  -       - 
 ""          ,    
     
7.     
           :
 :             
 :   ,          
  :     
                

      ;           
 ,            ,      
 ,            
                 ,
             
 
:             ( )        
         ,             